EHT recommends eliminating sources of EMF radiation inside school buildings by the installation of corded/wired (instead of wireless) internet/phone/tech connections. Corded/wired connections will significantly reduce hourly and overall exposures to students, teachers and staff.
ROUTINES IN THE CLASSROOM
At start of class, remind students that cell phones and Personal Digital Devices (PDD) must be powered off and stored. Regularly remind students about phones and wireless PDD: 1. distance devices away from body and
If cell phones are needed for photos or video remind students to turn transmitting antennas off: Select “airplane mode” and disable all wireless antennas including Cellular, Wi-Fii, Mobile hotspot, Mobile data, Siri, Bluetooth and Location.
Post policy and best practices signs in every classroom and prominently at room entrances.
CURRICULUM PLANNING
When curricula requires internet connectivity, limit it to specific times rather than interspersed throughout class. For example, curricula should not require students to use phones to look up things during class. Instead, have a plan that includes time when students organize their research questions and, subsequently, a separate time when students research online.
When internet or other electronic connections are needed, use hardwire connections (cords/cables/wires/adapters) for all equipment (personal computer, any size electronic screen, printer, audio speakers, headphones, microphone, smartboard, printer, mouse, keyboard, and other devices and accessories).
If hardwire connections are not available in the school, minimize use of cloud and other wireless network services and instead use applications and content that are pre-downloaded onto devices.
Download and install files for curriculum prior to students’ use. This will eliminate the need for Wi-Fi during class.
Teach students to turn OFF wireless antennas when not in use (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Data, Cellular) and to select Airplane Mode for their personal devices including on cell phones, laptops, and other wireless devices. Note that students may need to go to Settings to fully disable Wi-Fi and Bluetooth*.
Store laptop carts outside of the classroom, and avoid recharging laptops near students/staff.
Instead of virtual reality “field trips,” show movies and video in class on a large screen.
* Wi-Fi “OFF when not in use” will still result in radiation exposures to students and staff during Wi-Fi use and continuously from WLAN access points. EHT recommends the installation of wired networks.
COMMUNITY EDUCATION
Regularly schedule parent education sessions about safer use of technology, e.g.:Strategies and practical advice on how to minimize health risks of cell phones, screens, and wireless digital devices
Hands-on workshops that explain and demonstrate how to hardwire home electronics and create a low-EMF computer workstation.
Regularly hold discussion forums about strategies to address the challenges of parenting in the digital age.
Hold student forums about how to reduce radiation, reduce eye strain, and minimize adverse psychosocial impact.
SCHOOL POLICY
Create and regularly update policies for cell phone and digital device use in classrooms that includes medical recommendations for children’s health and safety related to eyes, posture, addiction, and radiation. For continuous improvement, policies might include reporting and accountability measures.
Institute a ban on personal cell phones and personal hotspot devices. Prohibit use of all internet-connected devices in classrooms unless during supervised use for specific instructional purpose. Such a policy may help prevent students from rushing through schoolwork to go online for gaming or other non-school purposes.
Wireless radiation has biological effects. Period. This is no longer a subject for debate when you look at PubMed and the peer-review literature. These effects are seen in all life forms; plants, animals, insects, microbes. In humans, we have clear evidence of cancer now: there is no question. We have evidence of DNA damage, cardiomyopathy, which is the precursor of congestive heart failure, neuropsychiatric effects…5G is an untested application of a technology that we know is harmful; we know it from the science. In academics, this is called human subjects research. … Dr. Sharon Goldberg
Dr. Goldberg hammers home obvious, deliberate and apparently purposeful omissions of measuring cumulative doses of microwave-produced non-ionizing radiation humans are exposed to minute-by-minute, not just from a 6 minute cell phone call or a30 minute rat exposure studies the World Health Organization and industry associations, e.g., ICNIRP, like to trot out as ‘proof’ of safety!
In her 5-minute testimony, Dr. Goldberg covered a lot of medical science ground regarding the role of RFs in diabetes and other epidemics she identifies.
Perhaps hearing Doctor explain what she knows of the science about microwave damages to humans, the environment and all life forms will impress you more than I probably can.
Dr. Sharon Goldberg, MD, Testifies at Michigan’s 5G Small Cell Tower Hearing
14:49 minutes
Catherine J Frompovich (website) is a retired natural nutritionist who earned advanced degrees in Nutrition and Holistic Health Sciences, Certification in Orthomolecular Theory and Practice plus Paralegal Studies. Her work has been published in national and airline magazines since the early 1980s. Catherine authored numerous books on health issues along with co-authoring papers and monographs with physicians, nurses, and holistic healthcare professionals. She has been a consumer healthcare researcher 35 years and counting.
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“Sacramento will be the first city in the country to get 5G cell service later this summer, but health concerns are now being raised about the equipment.
5G uses high frequency waves and is supposed to be 100 times faster than the current cell phone service. However, the 5G waves don’t travel as far as current wireless frequencies so instead of large cell phone tower equipment spread far apart, the 5G requires small cell sites closer together.”
“Firefighters in San Francisco have reported memory problems and confusion after the 5G equipment was installed outside of fire stations. The firefighters claim the symptoms stopped when they relocated to stations without equipment nearby.”
People suspect the 5G frequencies will cause problems having to do with oxygen. It was said by Joe Imbriano, an activist and researcher from Fullerton, California that when 5G reaches the frequency band of 60 GHz, the ability for a person’s blood hemoglobin to bind with oxygen will be damaged.
Researching his claims, they start to add up although it is difficult to confirm the thing about oxygen and hemoglobin. This article from an accredited website about radio frequencies called “Everything RF” is titled “Why is the 60 GHz Band not good for long-range communications?”
It reports that oxygen does in fact absorb 60 GHz frequencies at an extreme level, representing a spike of absorption ability, when you see how different frequencies on the millimeter spectrum interact with oxygen. However, the graph is talking about high altitudes and the atmosphere. One would assume 5G interacts with oxygen in a similar way at our altitude.
(Image credit: EverythingRF)
So Joe Imbriano was correct to say 60 GHz 5G will be absorbed by oxygen in an intense way.
Doesn’t that mean, just by common sense that the oxygen in our bodies, the oxygen we breathe and depend on would be saturated with 60 GHz frequencies? Doesn’t that mean our bodies will conduct the 5G like antennas?
Furthermore, wouldn’t our bodies acting as potent antennae for 60 GHz frequencies cause us all kinds of health problems? Where would we even escape to get away from them, if they saturate all major cities with this?
5G’s likely ill health effects can be divided into several categories.
Skin Problems
An Israeli study led by Dr. Yuri D Feldman on 5G frequencies found that they cause human sweat ducts to behave strangely. The study reports that human sweat ducts act as an array of very small, helix-shaped antennas when exposed to millimeter waves. That implies the human body could be even more conductive of it.
A study on that particularly feared 5G frequency of 60 GHz, referenced by the Center for Public Integrity concluded that “more than 90% of the transmitted (MMWs) power is absorbed in the epidermis and dermis layer.” It’s not going to be good for the skin, it would appear.
Heart Problems
A study from 1992 reported that frequencies in the higher 5G spectrum, ranging from 53-78GHz impacted the heart rate variability in rats. In other words, higher spectrum 5G could probably cause heart arrhythmia in humans. Another Russian study on frogs whose skin was exposed to these millimeter waves found that they cause heart arrhythmia.
Eye Problems
In 1994, a study was carried out in Poland to determine whether or not millimeter radiation impacted the eye’s transmission of light through its lens. They found that low level millimeter wave radiation produced lens opacity in rats: associated with cataracts forming.
So 5G could cause human beings to develop eye problems and cataracts, it would seem. This one is difficult to find a copy of, although the academic citation for it can be found at “Chernyakov, GM and Korochkin, VL and Babenko, AP and Bigdai E. Reactions of biological systems of various complexity to the action of low-level EHF radiation No Title. Millim Waves Med Biol. 1989; 1: 141–167.”
In addition, a Japanese experiment was conducted to see whether or not the feared 60 GHz frequency band could cause ocular problems. It found that “millimeter-wave antennas can cause thermal injuries of varying types of levels. The thermal effects induced by millimeter waves can apparently penetrate below the surface of the eye.”
This one is also difficult to find, but can be found at the academic citation “Kojima M, Hanazawa M, Yamashiro Y, Sasaki H, Watanabe S, Taki M, Suzuki Y, Hirata A, Kamimura Y, Sasaki K. ACUTE OCULAR INJURIES CAUSED BY 60-GHZ MILLIMETER-WAVE EXPOSURE. Health Phys [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2018 Mar 19]; 97: 212–8. doi: 10.1097/HP.0b013e3181abaa57.”
Immune problems
A 2002 Russian study that set out to explore the effects of 42 GHz frequencies determined that when healthy mice were exposed to them, they had a drastic reduction of activity with cells involved with immunity: about 50%.
In other words, 42 GHz frequencies, close to the middle of the 5G spectrum, cause mice to suffer from immune system problems.
They concluded: “the whole-body exposure of healthy mice to low-intensity EHF EMR has a profound effect on the indices of nonspecific immunity.”
A detailed, complex looking but not impossible to understand study was published in 2010, about the very same frequencies Verizon is currently deploying: directly in the middle of the current Verizon 5G spectrum at 35 GHz.
The study was titled“Protein Changes in Macrophages Induced by Plasma From Rats Exposed to 35 GHz Milimeter Waves.” Guess what, it came from Texas based US Air Force Research Laboratories, and associated entities.
The study reads: “In agreement with this, prior studies conducted by our laboratory showed intravascular aggregation of leukocytes and upregulation of genes associated with immune cell recruitment and activation in the skin of rats at 6 and 24 h after exposure to 35 GHz MMWs at 75 mW/cm2until colonic temperature reached 41–428C [Millenbaugh et al., 2008]. Previous investigations also indicate that sustained MMW exposure can cause heating of internal tissues, presumably due to thermal conduction, and effects inperipheral blood cells and tissues distal to the initial siteof energy absorption.
A series of experiments performed in rats demonstrated that exposure to 35 GHz MMWs at 75 mW/cm2 for approximately 44–80 min produced elevations in skin and colonic temperatures and changes in heart rate, respiration rate, and blood pressure, with eventual circulatory collapse [Frei et al.,1995; Kalns et al., 2000; Millenbaugh et al., 2006].
In addition, increased levels of the oxidative stress marker, 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), were detected in peripheral blood lymphocytes and neutrophils of rats exposed to 35 GHz MMWs at 75 mW/cm2 for 44–60 min until body core temperature reached 41–428C [Kalns et al.,2000]. Based on these results, we hypothesized that 35 GHz MMWs can elicit the release of biologically active mediators into the systemic circulation leading todownstream responses in cells and tissues.The ability to elicit effects in immune cells has also been observed for other MMW frequencies”
So the exact frequencies Verizon just unleashed are known by even the US military, to cause an increase of proteins associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and energy metabolism. Heating of internal tissues, that’s what the US military institutions admit 5G will cause.
Let’s back away from the research real quick and think about this with some common sense. We’re composed of water and oxygen, and we breathe oxygen. Oxygen is all around us. It shouldn’t take much more scientific information to suspect that frequencies known to be extremely interactive with oxygen would cause health problems in mammals, or even other life forms.
They bill it as being a revolution in technology, but those risks simply seem to outweigh the benefits.
According to GreenMedInfo, who published a very well sourced article about 5G, 180 scientists and doctors have called for a moratorium on 5G, understanding it will be hazardous to human health.
At this point, it doesn’t look like anyone is going to stop it. Now, all we can do is write articles like this, and hand them out to whoever cares on the street.
Sacramento is saturated with 5G now, and for the first three months people can use it for free: but nothing good is ever free.
Sources:
Sacramento CBS (https://sacramento.cbslocal.com/2018/05/29/questions-raised-about-5g-health-risks-months-before-sacramento-launches-service/)
Research Gate / Feldman Y, Puzenko A, Ben Ishai P, Caduff A, Agranat AJ. Human Skin as Arrays of Helical Antennas in the Millimeter and Submillimeter Wave Range. Phys Rev Lett [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2018 Mar 19]; 100: 128102. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.128102. (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51394628_Human_Skin_as_Arrays_of_Helical_Antennas_in_the_Millimeter_and_Submillimeter_Wave_Range)
US Military / “Protein Changes in Macrophages Induced by Plasma From Rats Exposed to 35 GHz Milimeter Waves” (http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a533666.pdf)
The Center for Public Integrity(https://www.publicintegrity.org/2018/03/02/21502/residents-worried-about-small-cell-safety-have-been-waiting-years-federal-guidance)
PubMed / Kolomytseva MP, Gapeev AB, Sadovnikov VB, Chemeris NK. Suppression of nonspecific resistance of the body under the effect of extremely high frequency electromagnetic radiation of low intensity. Biofizika [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2018 Mar 19]; 47: 71–7. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11855293)
PubMed / Potekhina IL, Akoev GN, Enin LD, Oleĭner VD. The effect of low-intensity millimeter-range electromagnetic radiation on the cardiovascular system of the white rat]. Fiziol Zh SSSR Im I M Sechenova [Internet]. 1992 [cited 2018 Mar 19]; 78: 35–41. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1330714)
We put tinfoil on our windows to stop cellphone signals – and it didn’t work
Jan Vermeulen
Concern over the effects of electromagnetic fields is not new, and those fearful of the potential negative consequences of extended exposure have long used aluminium foil to try and mitigate the effects.
Using tinfoil hats is one method people have used to attempt to block radio waves and their electromagnetic radiation from reaching the brain.
The proliferation of cellular networks has raised similar concerns, with the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a specialised agency in the World Health Organisation, recently classifying radio frequency radiation as a possible human carcinogen.
It explained that the classification means that a causal association between radio frequency radiation and cancer is considered credible, but chance, bias or confounding can’t be ruled out with reasonable confidence.
Earlier this year, researchers from the Ramazzini Institute in Italy showed that rats exposed to cellular radiation developed brain and heart tumours.
However, despite exposing rats to a high dose of radiation for extended periods, the increase in occurrence of tumours was not statistically significant.
Researchers explained that findings such as these do indicate that further research into a possible link between cellphone signals and cancer is needed.
From tinfoil hats to tinfoil windows
Aside from potential cancer concerns, some people have reported that cellular signals have impacted their health in other ways — from headaches to mood swings.
At the end of 2016, residents of the Durban neighbourhood Glenmore said that they were suffering from short tempers, aggressive pets, and sleepless nights because of a new cellphone tower in the area.
Residents said they were “hoodwinked” into believing that the mast was put up for CCTV cameras, only to find that no cameras had been installed and MTN logos were on the tower instead.
One resident covered his bedroom windows in tinfoil, and reported that this improved the disrupted sleeping patterns he had been experiencing as a result of the tower.
Curiously, the city council said at the time that the tower was not active yet. The ill effects residents said they were feeling could therefore not be as a result of radio frequency radiation from the new tower.
This was not the first time residents of a neighbourhood complained about negative effects on their health, despite the fact that the tower they were complaining about was switched off.
To see if there is any merit to trying to block wireless signals by covering your windows in tinfoil, I repeated the experiment in my own home.
Results
Before covering my room’s window with aluminium foil, I measured the strength of the signal my phone was receiving.
The phone was connected to the Telkom mobile network, which is well-suited for a test like this, as Telkom has not been assigned any low-frequency spectrum to use in its mobile network.
Lower radio frequency spectrum lets cellular network providers cover a larger area with a single tower, and offer greater indoor penetration.
While Vodacom, MTN, and Cell C have spectrum assignments in the 900MHz band, the lowest frequency spectrum Telkom has to work with is around double that frequency — in the 1,800MHz band.
For the duration of this test, my phone remained connected to Telkom’s LTE and LTE-Advanced network, which runs on the operator’s 1,800MHz and 2,300MHz spectrum assignments.
Signal strength was measured using the MyBroadband Speed Test app. It reports the strength of the signal as seen by the Android operating system, in dBm.
Measurements were taken with the door open, closed, and with foil on the window.
Door open: –110dBm to –106dBm
Door closed: –110dBm to –106dBm
Foil on window: –110dBm to –106dBm
There was no perceptible difference in signal strength after the window was covered in foil.
This is to be expected. Even if foil reflected or absorbed the radio frequency signals used by cellular networks, such signals do not seek openings to reach your phone.
It is unlikely that covering your windows in foil will have any significant effect on the strength of the signal in your home, as it can simply penetrate the walls that surround those windows.
To truly block out the signals from a cellphone tower, you would have to construct a Faraday shield or cage of some kind but, as we previously discovered, that is easier said than done.
WASHINGTON, Sept. 24, 2018 /PRNewswire/ — Accelerating Wireless Broadband Deployment by Removing Barriers To Infrastructure Investment Order will be voted on Wednesday by FCC denying citizens and local government the right to stop 5G cell tower transmitters in front of their homes.
Despite widespread opposition to the roll out of 5G cell tower transmitters by residences, communities and local governments (National League of Cities Oppose, National Resource Defense Council opposes), FCC vote will override local measures to stop 5G cell transmitters in their communities.
More than 230 medical doctors and scientists from 40 countries expert in wireless radiation health effects have signed a formal appeal demanding a moratorium on the roll out of 5G due to the fact that wireless radiation “RF-EMF has been proven to be harmful for humans and the environment” see www.5Gappeal.eu. Yet the FCC will be voting for an order that circumvents the consideration of environmental and health effects on a local level.
5G technology will emit millimeter wave radiation. The Army has reviewed 350 millimeter wave studies and cited nonthermal biological effects not protected by our current thermally based FCC guidelines-see www.5Ginformation.net for a copy of this report as well as other studies showing neurological and cancerous effects from current cell towers-see evidence of harm section. The military currently uses millimeter wave technology in its Active Denial System, a crowd control weapon.
FCC and FDA do not premarket Safety Test any wireless device or cell tower transmitter before testing them on the public. FCC and FDA do not post-market survey wireless devices or cell tower transmitters for cancerous or neurological health effects. They rely on an outdated human exposure standard that only takes into account thermal heating or burning. Currently individuals are already Microwave Sick from wireless radiation exposure-see Webster’s Dictionary definition Microwave Sickness.
CA Brain Tumor Association joins health and environmental groups nationwide in asking the FCC to delay or end its insistence on passing the Accelerating Wireless Broadband Deployment by Removing Barriers To Infrastructure Investment Order WT Docket #NO. 17-79; WC Docket NO. 17-84 which will be harmful to the health of communities and disrespectfully dismisses the input of local communities and governments nationwide.
Please Contact Kevin Mottus Outreach Director CA Brain Tumor Association for more information at Kevin.calibta@gmail.com.
NASHVILLE, Tenn. – A bill that would bring 5G wireless technology to Tennessee was passed by the senate.
It passed through the state senate on Wednesday with minimal resistance.
The legislation would allow the construction of cell phone towers much smaller than the ones currently providing 4G speeds to Tennessee cell phone owners.
5G is the next step in mobile cell phone speeds and the bill’s sponsor, state senator Bill Ketron, said it could increase data speeds up to one hundred times current speeds.
“There’s going to have to be smaller cells and shorter distances in order for that data to travel,” said senator Ketron. “It’s too much data to get it to the big tower. So, that’s what the 5G does across our state.”
However, Senator Lee Harris raised some concerns about about a maximum fee municipalities can charge wireless carriers who contract to build the infrastructure.
“It does give me pause that we would intervene with these negotiations and set a price or set a cap to a price,” said senator Harris. “Previously, city and counties could enter into open negotiation with big industry and a price could be determined as a result of those negotiations.”
Ketron said he believes implementing the infrastructure will not take much time and Tennesseans could start seeing 5G speeds as early as 2019.
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With mobile phones being used to make dinner reservations, Facebook taking friendships to a whole new level, and laptops as light as air, it is almost impossible to live without technology. However, as computers and related technology continue to advance, they can also be a huge hazard to our health. Here are things to look out for before plugging in
1. Hearing loss
While many technological illnesses have arrived in the last 10 to 15 years, it has been more than 30 years since concerns were first raised that people could damage their hearing listening to loud music on personal stereos. France even banned manufacturers from selling gadgets capable of producing sounds above a certain level.
2. Headaches
For years, the debate has raged over whether mobile phones are harmful, but studies have shown there is a link between headaches and mobile use. Research commissioned by phone manufacturers in 2008 found that making a call shortly before going to bed can affect quality of sleep, which can lead to headaches the next day.
3. Repetitive strain injury
It used to be factory workers, dressmakers and musicians who were most at risk from repetitive strain injury. But now office workers can suffer from the condition after spending too many hours using a keyboard. Repeated use of fingers, wrists, arms and shoulders can lead to damage which, over time, the body is unable to repair. That’s why preventative steps, such as regular breaks, are advised.
4. Acne and allergies
Cleansing your face before bed may not be enough to keep pesky acne at bay. Cellphones can be covered in bacteria, causing oils to collect when placed against the face. The result? Unwanted pimples on cheeks and chins. You could also get an allergic reaction such as dermatitis. Just another reason to put the phone on speaker, use a headset, stick to texting, or speak to someone in person.
5. Wrist pain
Carpel tunnel, one cause of wrist pain, can occur from excessive typing. Often shrugged off as a slight cramp, a muscle pull, or a muscle spasm, carpel tunnel syndrome is a serious nerve disorder, depending upon the intensity, which occurs at the wrist leading to pain, sensory changes and loss of function within the hand. Numbness in the fingers, especially thumb, index and middle finger, burning, tingling sensation in the palm, pain radiating in upward direction of the hand, tightening of joints and fingers and poor grip while holding objects are a few lethal symptoms of carpel tunnel syndrome. So, ease up on the tweets and take a break from the computer, or at least keep the keyboard low enough so the wrist doesn’t bend upwards.
7. Phantom ringing syndrome
This is when you think that your phone is buzzing in your pocket. Research shows 70 per cent of people who self-categorise as heavy mobile users have reported experiencing phantom buzzing in their pocket. It’s all thanks to misplaced response mechanisms in our brains. Whenever we feel any tingling in our leg we get a burst of neurotransmitters from our brain that can cause either anxiety or pleasure and prompt us to action. Instead of reacting to this sensation like it is a few wayward tingling nerves, we react as if it’s something we have to attend to right now.
8. Nomophobia
Nomophobia tends to be the anxiety that arises from not having access to one’s mobile device. The term “Nomophobia” is an abbreviation of “no-mobile phobia.” Nomophobia is the marked increase in anxiety some people feel when they are separated from their phones. While phone addiction may sound like a petty first world problem, the disorder is fast penetrating less developed countries causing mental and physical health problems. So much so that the condition has found its way into the most recent edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). You see people pull out their phones and two minutes later do it again even though nothing has taken place. That’s driven by reflex action as well as by anxiety to make sure we haven’t missed out on anything. It’s all part of the FOMO (Fear Of Missing Out) reaction.
9. Sleep depriviation
Counting sheep ain’t cutting it? It may be from cuddling up with your phone and laptop in bed. The artificial light from screens can suppress the release of melatonin, which helps us sleep. Swap the computer for a book before hitting the hay and hopefully your sleep will come a bit more easily.
10. Electromagnetic sensitivity
From Wi-Fi to mobile phone signals, we’re surrounded by wireless communications and, for some people, exposure to electromagnetic fields is making them ill. Symptoms range from acute headaches and skin burning to muscle-twitching and chronic pain. Some Americans have been forced to move to areas where wireless communications are tightly controlled.
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Mobile phones emit nonionizing electromagnetic fields (EMFs) within the mid-frequency range of 1.9 and 2.2 GHz.1There has been concern that mobile phone use may increase the risk of cancer because EMFs may be absorbed by tissues, and the use of mobile phones is rapidly increasing.2
Although the World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies radiofrequency fields, including those emitted by mobile phones, as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans — the data regarding the risk of cancer remain uncertain and controversial.3Interpretations of the current data vary according to the organization or agency, with many US agencies stating either the data are not conclusive or no causal link has been established between mobile phone use and cancer.2To further, and hopefully more definitively, determine whether there is an increased risk of cancer with mobile phone or other wireless technology use, the large, prospective cohort study COSMOS is following nearly 300,000 adults for 20 to 30 years.4Similarly, the MOBI-Kids study is assessing the effect of EMF exposure on children and adolescents.
The current data primarily include case-control studies. Controversy is present, however, as a result of study designs, potential biases, and interpretations of statistical outcomes. Moreover, a clear pathophysiologic link in animal or in vitro studies has not been established, with recent studies finding that EMF exposure does not result in micronuclei formation, a marker of chromosomal instability, or changes in DNA integrity.6-8
The INTERPHONE Study
The INTERPHONE case-control study was conducted in 13 countries and included adults aged 30 to 59 from geographic areas expected to have the longest duration and highest concentration of mobile phone use.9Participants included 2708 cases of glioma and 2409 cases of meningioma diagnosed between 2000 and 2004 and a total of 5634 matched controls. Mobile phone use was ascertained by face-to-face or paper interviews with the patient or a proxy.
Overall, mobile phone use was not associated with an increased risk of glioma or meningioma — instead, a protective effect was found with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.81 (95% CI, 0.7-0.94) and 0.79 (95% CI, 0.68-0.91), respectively. The authors indicated, however, that the reduced ORs may be a result of participation bias or methodological limitations, such as prodromal symptoms, timing of interviews, and confounding factors. There was no association for those who first used a mobile phone more than 10 years ago.
Individuals with the highest cumulative mobile phone use of 1640 hours or more demonstrated an increased risk for glioma (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.03-1.89), but not meningioma.9Another analysis of the INTERPHONE data included modeling to determine the radiofrequency exposure of participants, which demonstrated that the OR for glioma increased with increasing total cumulative specific energy, with an OR of 1.91 (95% CI, 1.05-1.90) at the highest exposure level.10For ipsilateral tumors, at least 10 years of mobile phone use significantly increased the risk for glioma with an OR of 2.80 (95% CI, 1.13-6.94). Another analysis also found that the intracranial location of gliomas was skewed toward where participants reported their preferred location to be for mobile phone use.11
The Controversy
Given that the results of the INTERPHONE study were not clear and the investigators reported limitations that could have affected the data, controversy followed with different interpretations by experts in the field.12This led to additional analyses that focused on adjusting for some of these limitations, such as a study of Canadian participants from the INTERPHONE study that showed a higher OR of 2.2 (95% CI, 1.3-4.1) of glioma when researchers adjusted the data for selection and recall biases.13Several studies conducted since INTERPHONE attempted to reduce bias or included different populations in the control versus mobile phone user groups.
However, an analysis of glioma incidence from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program found that the rates of glioma remained nearly unchanged between 1992 and 2008 (-0.02% per year; 95% CI, -0.28%-0.25%).14Low-grade gliomas decreased by -3.02% per year (95% CI, -3.49% to -2.54%), but temporal gliomas increased by 0.73% (95% CI, 0.23%-1.23%). The authors concluded that if mobile phone use was associated with gliomas, a much greater increase in incidence should have been found. They noted that the relative risk of glioma from INTERPHONE is consistent with the slight decrease in incidence of glioma in this study, but not the overall reduction when INTERPHONE compared users versus never users.
Concern over the effects of electromagnetic fields is not new, and those fearful of the potential negative consequences of extended exposure have long used aluminium foil to try and mitigate the effects.
WASHINGTON
With mobile phones being used to make dinner reservations, Facebook taking friendships to a whole new level, and laptops as light as air, it is almost impossible to live without technology. However, as computers and related technology continue to advance, they can also be a huge hazard to our health. Here are things to look out for before plugging in
Mobile phones emit nonionizing electromagnetic fields (EMFs) within the mid-frequency range of 1.9 and 2.2 GHz.1There has been concern that mobile phone use may increase the risk of 
